Persuasion - Jane Austen - 1901 Words

Janeca Latore AP English 12 Mr. Connelly April 7, 2012 Persuasion In Persuasion, the last of Jane Austen’s works, the readers are immediately intrigued by the autumnal tone of the piece, and the mellowness of the main character, Anne Elliot. Anne, a twenty-seven year old upper middle class woman, met and fell in love with Captain Frederick Wentworth at the age of nineteen. She was however, forced to break off the relationship at the time because Wentworth was deemed an unsuitable match. Eight years later, they meet again and by that time Captain Wentworth has made his fortune in the navy and has become an attractive catch. Anne was now uncertain about his feelings for her. Persuasion examines English society’s view of marriage and†¦show more content†¦When I have made up my mind, I have made it† (Austen 63-64). He felt that her determination not to be easily persuaded refreshing. However in Lyme, when Louisa is determined to jump down from the Upper Cobb and be caught by Wentworth, Wentworth tries to persuade her becau se he thinks that it is too dangerous. Louisa only response was â€Å"I am determine I will† (81). Wentworth puts out his hands, he misses, and she falls onto the Lower Cobb, unconscious. Captain then realizes that sometimes being easily persuaded can be a good thing as seen through Louisa’s near death experience. The theme of the rights and wrongs of easily being persuaded can be easily compared to the novel, Pride and Prejudice. Jane Austen’s main character in Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth, is a plain but intelligent woman who is read well and quick witted. Elizabeth was quickly persuaded that Mr. Darcy was an rude and arrogant, who cared little about the feelings of others after hearing him say â€Å"She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me† (Austen 7). Her first impression of him lingered on throughout most of the novel. Because she was so easily persuaded that he was a horrible man, she almost missed out on the love of her life. As the novel continued Mr. Darcy’s feeling for Elizabeth grew until the day he proposed to her. He proposed to her by asking her to marry her despite her ranks and his better judgment. WhenShow MoreRelatedPersuasion by Jane Austen1472 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen, considered one of the most famous Romantic writers during her time, was praised for her ability and skill to write a good characterization. Persuasion, one of the most famous novels by Austen, is a good example of writing in which depicts her use of characterization and use of ironic styles in social relationships between classes in a society. In Persuasion, Austen uses attractive plots, different types of conflicts, rich characterization, and unique style to portray the emotions andRead MoreJane Austen Persuasion1664 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Elmasri Sam Arkin Humanities Core 1A Monday December 7, 2009 Obliging Compliance and Private Rapture Jane Austen weaves the theme of travel throughout her novel, Persuasion, to solidify the value she places on sincerity of character in relation to social decorum. However, travel in this context is more broadly defined as any change or movement from one place to another. Changes of setting, social standing, or time, for instance, are all examples of travel that result in the reinforcementRead MorePersuasion, By Jane Austen826 Words   |  4 PagesAshley Lopez Novel: Persuasion (1818) Author: Jane Austen (1775-1817) Central Characters: Anne Elliot, the sensible daughter of Sir Walter Elliot. She is the middle daughter and is often disregarded. Sir Walter Elliot, father of Elizabeth, Anne, and Mary ( Elliot Musgrove). He is your typical upper class superior and is very vain. He drives the family into debt. Captain Frederick Wentworth, the young gentlemen who Anne loves. Their love creates this story. Other Characters: Elizabeth Elliot, theRead MorePersuasion, By Jane Austen1550 Words   |  7 Pages Kathleen Hayes October 2nd, 2014 Paper #1 Prompt #9 In Jane Austen’s Persuasion, it may appear to some readers that Austen writes from a conservative perspective that reinforces women’s submissive and inferior roles in society. Many of the female characters seem to perpetuate traditional and oppressive gender roles, and a central plot line for most of the female characters involves finding a man to marry as a means of attaining ultimate happiness. However, while there are many examples of Austen’sRead MoreEssay on Persuasion by Jane Austen688 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasion by Jane Austen Silence and Signals Direct communication is impossible due to social rules and proprieties. The prose style becomes chaotic and troubled as it is reflects a tormented mind filled with repetitions (Eight years, almost eight years had passed), urgent rhetorical questions (What might eight years not do?), exclamations (how natural, how certain too!), and interjections (Alas! With all her reasonings she found that to retentive feelings eight years may be littleRead MoreA Close Analysis Of Jane Austen s Persuasion1098 Words   |  5 PagesA close analysis of Jane Austen’s Persuasion (Extract 3) Many readers of Persuasion believe Austen uses the namesake â€Å"persuasion† too neutrally. She appears to passively describe the results when the protagonist is persuaded to abandon Wentworth’s first proposal, but actually has much to say on being persuadable, and mainly argues that it is not inherently wrong. Persuasion in the novel’s early chapters works in two forms: as an overpowering force on the foolish like Sir Walter, or as an importantRead More Chapter One of Persuasion by Jane Austen Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesChapter One of Persuasion by Jane Austen Chapter one of Persuasion makes use of a highly economic narrative style, which celebrates Austen’s success as a novelist. Austen’s narrative style is so successful in chapter one of Persuasion as many of the characters are introduced to the reader along with the majority of the main themes which concern them in the novel. Austen clearly underlines that she is writing with a novelist’s voice, using traditional conventions of third person with pastRead MoreThe Childhood And Family Life And Persuasion Of Jane Austen1840 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasion Jane Austen is a famous 19th century British novelist whose beloved work has continued to live on for hundreds of years. Jane grew up in a rural middle class family which consisted of eight siblings. Out of them, she was especially close to her sister, Cassandra. Jane had an intimate, nurturing home life where literature was a common interest. Her parents provided education for all the children, although Jane and Cassandra had a less extensive one than their brothers. The gender rolesRead MoreFeminism in Northanger Abbey and Persuasion by Jane Austen1940 Words   |  8 PagesFeminism in Northanger Abbey From my point of view, Jane Austen should be seen as a ‘feminist’ writer. As she wrote in one of her novel Persuasion, she considers that ‘Men have had every advantage of us in telling their own story. Education has been theirs in so much higher a degree; the pen has been in their hands. I will not allow books to prove anything’ (Anne Elliot, in Jane Austen’s Persuasion). Such feminist ideas are expressed in many of her literary works. In her another novelRead MoreWarnings Offered by Jane Austen about the Moral Dangers of Persuasion2310 Words   |  10 PagesWhat Warnings Does Jane Austen offer About the Moral Dangers of Persuasion? My essay will be exploring the different forms of persuasion, where it occurs in the story and the effects that it has upon the characters in the novel. In its most basic form persuasion means Gaining power over others. Which means to influence others into acting in a way in which you want them to via exploitation. The essay will therefore, be looking at the different moral dangers faced by the characters and

14th Amendment Free Essays

More often than not, most Americans look upon the constitution as the guiding light of our country. Recent events occurring in our national election no doubt prove that. There are many important amendments to our Constitution regarding our rights as citizens and the delegation of powers to branches and states. We will write a custom essay sample on 14th Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, I believe that the 14th amendment is the most important to our constitution. When the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868, it put a whole new spin on our Constitution, far surpassing the importance of any amendment before it or sense. There are several crucial unconditional rights that are granted to everyone in the preamble of the Constitution. They are the rights to life, liberty, and property. We are also guaranteed a fair and due process of the law as stated by the 5th amendment. This brings our nation more closer to total equality than ever. Even though there will always be discrimination, this amendment will allow us to be protected under the law, so that wherever we are in our country, we will be protected and have the same rules applied to us that will effect our constitutional rights. These unconditional rights, reaffirmed by the 14th amendment, are the core structure behind our Constitution. The 14th Amendment also helps promote strong centralized government. By limiting the states power, this amendment gives more power to the federal branch of government. This in turn strengthens the power of congress as well. Strengthening America with a better range in which it can affect its citizens is priceless to our country. By treating all the states equally, this amendment helps bring the states of this nation together. One of the great qualities about this amendment is that it grants many freedoms to the states and as the country as a whole. Without the 14th Amendment, none of us would be guaranteed the rights stated in the other Amendments. Section 1 of the 14th amendment states that No state shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. This ensures that any and all citizens are free from unconstitutional state or local actions. It is hard to appreciate how life would be if the states could take away freedoms and fundamental rights as they wished. All of our rights stated in the Constitution would then become frivolous, because the states would then simply dictate or alter our so-called rights. The 14th Amendment recognizes and discusses the most important right amongst our people in this country: who has the right to be a citizen. Section 1 of the 14th Amendment grants all people born or naturalized in the United States citizenship. Although the Constitution states that all men are created equal, before this amendments passage, only white landowners were considered citizens. Many minorities and people without a land title were not protected under the Constitution. The United States places the values of equality and equal protection high on the social ladder. The ratification of the 14th Amendment guaranteed equal protection under the law of all citizens. Although some argue that the 1st Amendment is more pivotal in providing privileges, without the 14th Amendment, many of the residents of the United States would not be granted the benefits of the 1st Amendment. Based on the evidence presented, the 14th Amendment is, without a doubt, the most important amendment to our Constitution. Without this Amendment, all of the other amendments would most likely be corrupted by the states we live in. The 14th Amendment is a symbol of freedom that America has given us as citizens. It was given to us not only help protect ourselves, but also to help build and bring together all of our Constitutional rights, and without this amendment, those freedoms as we know today might not have existed. That is why I believe that the 14th amendment is the most important and vital amendment to our great Constitution. How to cite 14th Amendment, Essay examples

Talent Acquisition and Interview Observation

Question: Describe about the Talent Acquisition and Interview Observation. Answer: Introduction Talent Acquisition process is a very crucial approach which can directly affect the organization's growth and their manpower distribution strategy. This report is intent collect information about the different standardized method of talent acquisition. Apart from information gatherings this report also makes an analysis of the various stage of a talent acquisition process so the organisation can effectively implement the in their business procurement policy. Activity A A.1: Factors that Affect an Organisations Approach to Attract Talent Brand Identity: Internal factors affect an association's way to deal with pulling human resources; one of the most prominent factors is company reputation (Cooper et al. 2015). The image of the organization represents their working eccentricity so the people will interest them. Activities like great advertising can win picture (Roberts et al. 2016). Likewise, reputed organizations may think that it is less demanding to enroll, contrasted with an anonymous brand. This is because they are all the more surely understood to people in general and like this, they have more to offer applicants, for example, higher pay rates, advantages, and rewards. Open Market Factors: Another component is free market activity. This situation alludes to the accessibility of labour inside and remotely to the association. Associations need to consider the present supply versus request (Nichols 2014). A few organizations have a higher interest for more experts, and there might be a constrained supply in their business sector. In cases, for example, these they may need to depend on inside sources by giving them preparing and advancement (Sundarapandiyan and Babu 2016). Then again if interest is high and supply is low to draw in ability an association might have the capacity to rebuild the remuneration bundle to pull in the sort of applicant required. Economic Environment: The unemployment rate likewise has an essential part to play in pulling inability. If the unemployment rate in a region is high, it is simpler for an association to draw inability as per the quantity of candidates will be higher which makes it less demanding to pull in the best-qualified candidates (Barney et al. 2013). Thus with a low rate of unemployment, the enlisting procedure can end up being more troublesome. Business Objectives: Another element that impacts pulling inability is the span of the association. Bigger organizations may think that it's simpler to draw in ability as they might be in a superior position for enlistment and publicizing thus they will probably pull in a more extensive scope of candidates to look over (Feiler and Powell 2015). The measure of the organization can likewise inspire potential applicants. A.2: Organisational Benefits of Attracting and Retaining a Diverse Workforce In today's general public it is progressively imperative to draw in and hold a different workforce. This implies associations ought to guarantee they select and keep the best individual from the most stretched out conceivable ability base paying little heed to sex, sexual introduction, age, race, religion, or incapacity, and there are numerous advantages to this (Marsden-Huggins and Warren 2014). Learning Enhancement: It enhances the learning of how to work business in various societies and nations, as a multi-social organization can infiltrate and broaden their business sectors, which can then put the association in front of their rivals. Creation of New Thoughts: Having a various workforce can bring new thoughts, social, and instructive encounters which will be of incredible advantage to the association. Additionally, representatives that can talk distinctive dialects can be seen to be significant resources for the organization (Sahay 2014). Another advantage of a diverse workforce is it can likewise produce benefits for the organization which results in positive business results. Universal Market: Existing representatives can also acquaint their bosses with corporate sector fragments in different nations. Therefore organizations are better set to comprehend universal markets and speak to various client bases, which permits them to extend their business in various nations (Stone 2013). It is additionally fundamental while drawing inability and holding a various workforce to have systems set up that will guarantee reasonable and level with the treatment of all representatives paying little mind to age, sex, religion, and inability. It will likewise bolster better administration of workers, and also diminish the danger of segregation cases which implies associations ought to be stayed up with the latest in regards to vacation enactment (Tyagi 2012). In doing this, they will have the capacity to draw in and hold ability from various gatherings which can prompt a higher maintenance of staff and high staff assurance which like this will help with the viable executi on of the workers (Singh and Sharma 2014). It will likewise upgrade the association's notoriety and picture. A.3: Factors that Affect an Organisations Approach to Recruitment and Selection Spending plan: The enrollment and choice procedure is one of the greatest elements that influences an association's way to deal with enlistment and selection as they have a spending plan and cost limitations (Ruben, Hall and Schmid Mast 2015). If a business is fiscally secure than they can spend more cash on the best enrollment and choice techniques, instead of one that does not have a positive development. Cost limitation: Before an association begins the enlistment and choice procedure, they additionally need to check the compensation that can be paid and the expense of preparing as well. Spending limitations likewise mean the organization will be unable to offer appealing advantages to draw in the best applicants that could put them behind their rivals (Parthasarathy and Pingle 2014). However, associations with tight spending plans can utilize enlistment strategies, for example, online enrollment sites instead of utilizing organizations to headhunt applicants. Flexible Staff Arrangement: Another component that can be checked is that a few associations have enrollment arrangements which intend to give clear direction to supervisors in connection with the determination and arrangement of staff (Naim, Tanveer and Gildea 2015). This strategy gives them an organized procedure for everybody to run with a new value. A.4: Benefits of Different Recruitment and Selection Method This guarantees applicants are evaluated genuinely, esteemed and approached with deference at each phase all the while. These arrangements additionally guarantee the association is reliable with livelihood enactment. HR arranging is. Additionally, a key element influencing the way to deal with enlistment and choice (Kumudha 2016). HR arranging and the enrollment and determination procedure are much identified with each other. The target of enrollment is chosen in HR arranging. It permits HR chiefs to do an examination of the hierarchical needs (Chun and Evans 2013). A case of this could be the hierarchical technique may decide the requirement for graduates in a graduate plan to change the authoritative structure for which they will request that the HR capacity leads an enlistment and determination process for employing graduates as it were. A.5: Purpose of Induction and Its Benefits to Individuals and Organizations Reduce administrative complexity: There are various strategies an association can use to enroll staff. Enrollment offices are a successful device as they spare significant administration time, and they can likewise diminish the administrative load for the association, and it evacuates a considerable measure of anxiety and bother (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Another advantage is that there are organizations that may spend significant time in your field. Interior enlistment is another strategy utilized. It is less expensive and might be faster to enroll. Business strategy creation: Another preferred standpoint is existing workers are now acquainted with the business and how it works. It likewise gives chances to advancement inside the association which can spur for staff, and they know about the qualities and shortcomings of inward hopefuls. The web is presently a mainstream enrollment technique that accompanies numerous advantages (Cascio 2014). Online enrollment permits the association to achieve countlessly. It is likewise snappy; occupations posted online go live in actually minutes and competitors can and do react quickly. Innovative management Idea: Innovation in online enlistment is additionally financially savvy. Numerous associations are currently utilizing long range interpersonal communication destinations, for example, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter (Marsden-Huggins and Warren 2014). It additionally spares time and cash on outline and printing costs. A.6: Induction Plan Affectation is the way toward bringing another worker into the association. The obligation regarding an incitement ought to be shared between HR, line administration, and learning and development capacities. There are numerous advantages for the newcomer and also the association (Ruben, Hall and Schmid Mast 2015). A decent incitement fortifies active early introductions and makes new workers feel welcome and prepared to contribute completely. Early introductions are also vital and along these lines how you act with new representatives when they first join the organization assumes an essential part by the way they complete their obligations later (Townley 2014). Notwithstanding this, there are 'advertising's advantages from ending compelling impelling as a worker inspired by their decision of business may publicize the reality and make it less demanding to pull in new representatives. Great actuation likewise readies the worker to contend better in an aggressive commercial centre which directly affects their first achievement and in this manner additionally houses the representative (Nichols 2014). It is equally essential to set up affectation arranges as it guarantees the association conforms to different lawful commitments that spread new representatives. Activity B: Portfolio and Interview Observations B.1: Job Description and Person Specification NATIONAL RETAIL GROUP Job Description for the post of Office Manager Job definition 1. The Office Manager is the point of convergence of NATIONAL RETAIL GROUP's contact and correspondence with the bigger store administrators, and must be receptive to the requirements of NATIONAL RETAIL GROUP gatherings and individuals. The chief capacities under the immediate direction and supervision of the NATIONAL RETAIL GROUP Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson. 2. The Office Manager must be able to speak to NATIONAL RETAIL GROUP aggregates viably as an essential purpose of contact for people, relatives, and outside offices looking for general data about NATIONAL RETAIL GROUP. These may incorporate schools, social administration organizations, restorative experts, legal officers and substance misuse treatment experts. 3. The Office Manager must be able to be fair-minded amid gathering clashes and have the capacity to research writing and different circumstances. Assets for answers to gathering inquiries and concerns. 4. The Office Manager must have phenomenal hierarchical, correspondence and supervisory abilities in office administration. 5. The way of the position is such that working hours might be variable. The Office Manager will arrange the work of volunteers every week to guarantee that the NATIONAL RETAIL GROUP office is open Monday - Friday 10 am - 6 pm. 6. Any new representative will be liable to a standard 90-day trial period. Person description Education and Experience 1. Bachelor Degree in Management 2. three years friendliness related experience which incorporates at least 2 years worker preparing Experience and one-year supervisory experience. 3. Broad information of logistics stores, its administrations and offices. 4. Expressed capacity to create trusting connections and energize an open domain. 5. Fantastic interpersonal and relational abilities, complemented by expert development, and solid initiative aptitudes. 6. Profoundly sorted out, results-situated with the capacity to be adaptable and function to handle complex situation. 7. Must be able to handle a huge number of assignments and preparing planning. B.2: Draft Advertisement Job opportunity in a leading Multinational Company POST: Office Manager for Staffing and training Educational Qualification. Bachelor Degree in Management ( Preferred Master Degree in human resource ) Job Requirements. Two-year experience in Staffing and recruitment process. Good communication Skill. Be able to Work for three days on a week. Application procedure. Applicants are invited to send their CV for the interview process. B.3: Selection Criteria 1. Familiarity with national retail group service works in the group, Intergroup, District and Area positions. 2. Experience with general office management duties including record keeping, correspondence, filing, and typing, proper phone etiquette, training skills, inventory and purchasing, scheduling and excellent interpersonal skills. 3. Experience with general financial functions, including maintenance of checking account records, bookkeeping, and preparation of financial statements. 4. Familiarity with the national retail group Guidelines for national retail group Offices and the Traditions. 5. Ability to train 150 employee of store department. Selected People John MacClenny Rev Clark Sara Louis B.4: Interview Questions for Applicant Tell me about yourself? Describe your daily schedule? What goals do you set for yourself for the next five years? Tell me how do you resolve conflict and what technique you used to solve this situation? How would you report and deal with office crisis? How can you manage all the track record in a more suitable way? What measures you will take on the course of organizational security policy? How you adopted and spared a new ideology over the entire organization? How would you like to handle all the confidential information of an employee? How will you conduct training season for 150 employees? B.4.1 Selection John MacClenny is selected for the post of office manager. The main reason behind the selection is Mr. John is more experienced and knowledgeable people than other two interviewees. Apart from this John is also served his previous organization in a more professional way and without any obligation. B.5 Short Explanation of the Legal requirements The company will retain the copy of the entire educational certificate to verify interviewer information written in their CV. After taking these documents, the company needs to make an agreement with the selected employee about their terms and condition. After signing this agreement, the employee will bound to mandate all the priorities and concerns ask by their superior. B.6 Letter to an appointee Dear Candidate, It is my heartiest pleasure to welcome you onboard to the position of office manager for our large store staffing and training facility. Your appointment will affect after the date 27.07.2016. As an office manager, you will have to directly report at the desk of Human resource departments head. Kindly find your joining details below. Designation: Office Manager Date of Joining: 27st July, 2016 at 10.00 am. Shift Time: 10.00 a.m - 06.30 p.m Documents to be submitted: Photo ID Proof, Address proof, All educational certificates (class-10, 12, grads, masters), documents (offer letter / appointment letter, resignation acceptance/ release letter) of your previous company (if any) CV and 2 recent passport size photographs. Please revert us with your acknowledgement. In case of any query please feel free to get in touch with me. Thanks Regards, Head - Human Resource B.6.1 Letter to a Non-appointee Dear Candidate, Much obliged to you for your enthusiasm for our organization. We value the chance to consider you for a position in our group. We've investigated your experience and encounter and have chosen to continue with different competitors who address our issues all the more nearly as of now. This was an amazingly aggressive procedure, and we got several applications. This was an intense choice for us, as you were a strong applicant. We wish you the best in your future tries. Regards Conclusion It has been concluded that in order to attract talent for any organization, HRM policies has to be proper. Moreover, brand loyalty of the organization is also valuable aspects for attracting talent towards organizational approach. Induction planning is a perfect approach to delicately ease in new representatives and ought to affect a sentiment 'having a place', and ought to likewise acquaint them with the way of life, practices, arrangements, and techniques of the association. Bibliography Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Barney, C., Caravella, A., Cullen, M., Jackson, G. and Wills, C.E., 2013. Evaluating talent acquisition via the NFL draft. Technical Report WPI-CS-TR-13-01, Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Breaugh, J., 2014, July. Employee recruitment. In Meeting the Challenge of Human Resource Management: A Communication Perspective (p. 29). Routledge. Cascio, W.F., 2014. Leveraging employer branding, performance management and human resource development to enhance employee retention. Human Resource Development International, 17(2), pp.121-128. Chun, E. and Evans, A., 2013. The New Talent Acquisition Frontier: Integrating HR and Diversity Strategy in the Private and Public Sectors and Higher Education. Stylus Publishing, LLC.. Cooper, C.L., Hind, D., Duncan, R., Walters, S., Lartey, A., Lee, E. and Bradburn, M., 2015. A rapid review indicated higher recruitment rates in treatment trials than in prevention trials. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 68(3), pp.347-354. Feiler, A.R. and Powell, D.M., 2016. Behavioral expression of job interview anxiety. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(1), pp.155-171. Kaur, P., Sharma, S., Kaur, J. and Sharma, S.K., 2015. Using Social Media for Employer Branding and Talent Management: An Experiential Study. IUP Journal of Brand Management, 12(2), p.7. Klingner, D., Nalbandian, J. and Llorens, J.J., 2015. Public personnel management. Routledge. Kumudha, A., 2016. A Conceptual study on challenges and Innovations in Talent Acquisition Process. International Journal, 4(1). Leekha Chhabra, N. and Sharma, S., 2014. Employer branding: strategy for improving employer attractiveness. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 22(1), pp.48-60. Marsden-Huggins, T. and Warren, M., 2014. Talent pools have valuable depth for industry. Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker, (603), p.97. Naim, I., Tanveer, M.I. and Gildea, D., 2015. Automated Analysis and Prediction of Job Interview Performance. arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.03425. Nichols, M., 2014. The Impact of Information Technology on the Talent Acquisition Process. Parthasarathy, M. and Pingle, S., 2014. Study of Talent Acquisition PracticesA Review on Global Perspective. Roberts, R., Roberts, M., Kaminsky, A. and Patrick, A., Roberts and Rick, 2016. TALENT ACQUISITION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD. U.S. Patent 20,160,162,840. Ruben, M.A., Hall, J.A. and Schmid Mast, M., 2015. Smiling in a job interview: When less is more. The Journal of social psychology, 155(2), pp.107-126. Sahay, P., 2014. Design thinking in talent acquisition: a practitioners perspective. Strategic HR Review, 13(4/5), pp.170-180. Shanbhag, M., Dutt, M.L. and Bagwe, S., 2016. Strategic Talent Management: A Conceptual Analysis of BCG Model. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(7). Singh, K. and Sharma, S., 2014. Effective use of social media for talent acquisition and recruitment. International Journal of Intercultural Information Management, 4(4), pp.228-237. Stone, R.J., 2013. Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Sundarapandiyan, N. and Babu, S., 2016. A Study on Talent Management Practices of ICT Sector in India With Reference to Talent Acquisition. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(3). Townley, B., 2014. Selection and appraisal: reconstituting. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals), p.92. Tyagi, A., 2012. Effective Talent Acquisition Through E-Recruitment: A Study. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies, 1,(2), pp.148-156.

Project Management Sydney Water Company

Introduction The essay is a case study analysis for project management of Sydney Water Company. The company decided to develop a project that would improve its customer services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management: Sydney Water Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first section entails the pre-contract planning, business and functional requirements. The second part highlights the tracking of the project against the business case. The third part is on project planning and key milestones. The final part is a table on PMBOK knowledge areas. Pre-contract Planning, Business Requirements and Functional Requirements With regard to pre-contract planning. Sydney Water unveiled the importance of the Customer Information Billing System (CIBS) project to its operations. The project would make the customer services better, supplement the existing information systems and provide efficiency in business. This is how important the CIBS project would have been to the organization. The company did not carry out sufficient planning and specifications regarding the project. This later on resulted to numerous requests for changes and eventually led to colossus extra costs and delays. Prior to getting into the contract with Price Water Coopers, a competent project team should have been set up to do the work. This should have comprised of one member with intimate knowledge in the subject of the project. However, the selected team lacked competencies in handling the work meaning there were no proper mechanisms put in place to select a capable team to do the work. Although Sydney Water realized the significance of a business improvement process, it resorted to the utilization of a computer system during the project. The project was not implemented via a company information technology.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper w ith 15% OFF Learn More After coming up with the project, they realized that the computer architecture of the CIBS project was incompatible. Consequently, a functional requirement was not met. It was a business requirement for the company to continue with a project requirement that was integrated. However, this did not materialize. Although testing was a functional requirement, it really delayed and was not done adequately. Relevant documentation was not provided by Sydney Water which made it difficult to have a full access to the selection of a contractor. Nonetheless, apparently, Sydney Water was able to select and evaluate the contractor in a thorough manner. The administration of the contract was inadequate resulting to single variation to the contract leading to a transfer or roles and risks to Sydney Water from Price Water Coopers. Some business requirements were not available for the project. These include important contingencies, hard ware and soft ware that were not included in the initial budget. Besides, from the start of the project, there were unclear procedures on how the project was to be reported to the board of directors. The information given was not clear enough to make the board of directors make a decision or assess the position of the project. Such insufficiency made the board not to be fully informed regarding important aspects and risks pertaining to the project. Management of risks is a very important aspect in any business venture, and more so, in a business project. It is a critical business requirement prior to beginning any project. This is because every project or business is always susceptible to risks. It was therefore a requirement for the project team to identify main risks to the project and come up with sufficient mechanisms of managing the risks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management: Sydney Water Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn M ore Nonetheless, it did not happen by both the company and the project team. The culture of this organization reveals that all project risks have to be transferred to the contractor when outsourcing of the organization’s key projects. The Tracking of the project against the Business Case A business case is a document whose purpose is to provide the project’s baseline by elaborating the benefits of the business as a result of the project (Gregory, 2009, p. 138). Apparently, there was no support of the CIBS project from a strong business case. The company did not provide a version of the business case that had been endorsed by the board of directors. Even though it was an obvious fact that costs were escalating and benefits were reducing in the course of the project duration, the board never asked for the preparation of a revised business case. The board had the mandate of overseeing the project including making some directions for the business case to be revised. Howe ver, the board did not direct the GM-Finance to do a review on the business case of the project and to be responsive on the project’s fiscal matters. The evidence of choosing CIBS project over other alternatives was not adequate. For instance, there was a discrepancy between the cost of upgrading the existing system in comparison to the budgeted cost of the CIBS project. There are changes that were made on the contingency cost by both the DMR and the board. The business case was not revised accordingly to reflect these changes. This was in spite of prompts from several parties alluding to the revision. For example, in 2001, after the DMR findings, the GM – customer services realized the necessity to make some revision on the business case.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The director of Sydney Water project made inquiries with respect to the duration required to complete the project and a budget that the board could accept. Within the same year (2002), the internal audit suggested a formal revision of the business case. This was a reflection of the project management’s belief that what really mattered was the successful implementation of the remedy and that costs were flexible. For example, the recommendations to access the business case from the internal audit to the Sydney Water management were embraced and addressed after six months. This did not materialize and the management reported that it was more concerned with the positive results from the project. An increase in costs seems to have been accompanied by a reduction in benefits during the time the project has been in progress. At almost the close of the project, there were ninety people from the CSD performing several duties on CIBS. This required adoption of several strategies for ma intaining business services. These would include outsourcing functions, hiring staff temporarily and beginning business improvements. The extent at which staff reduced due to CIBS was less in comparison to the benefit outlined in the business case. After a multiple revisions on the R3 benefits realization, still the stakeholders failed to approve it. There were some areas of benefit that varied from the initial business case. These include for instance, e-commerce, closure of some offices and ownership changes. One of the views held by the Sydney Water people was that in the public sector, it was possible for projects of this nature and size to not only go over budget, but to also delay. This could be one of the reasons behind not updating the business case. Project planning This is a task that should be done by the steering committee. Their role should be to assess the feasibility of the project, develop the project’s business plan and take responsibility regarding the proje ct outcomes. The steering committee also ensures that there is an alignment between the scope of the project and what the stakeholders require. The scope of the project is supposed to be defined by the business plan of the project which should be owned by the steering committee. In the project undertaken by the Sydney Waters, this was not adequately captured. This is due to the absence of the steering committee to devise a business plan which should outline the project scope. Second, the CIBS project manager did not come up with a specific Project Execution Plan which should have outlined the responsibilities of the project team. The project manager should plan for the project effectively by forming sub-projects to help in the delivery of the project. This took place since the CIBS project was sub-divided into three: release 1 release 2 and release 3. Third, effective project planning requires the presence of a competent project team. The team should work according to what has been laid down in the Project Execution Plan. Representatives from different units affected by said the project should be part of the project team. The team should also comprise of members with requisite skills. The project team for the CIBS project did not have all the required skills to handle the job meaning that there was no plan in place regarding the selection of the members of the team and their specific qualifications. These skills should be part of the process of project planning. The Sydney Water project fell under the customer services division. However, this division did not have a clear channel of communication with the project team. Also, during the project planning in 2000, input was not sought from Sydney Water by PWC. Moreover, due to the dissatisfaction by PWC’s general project plan, Sydney Waters insisted on improvements. This negatively affected the project success. Thus, there was inadequate project planning in this respect. Key Milestones A milestone is a mar k of progress that indicates when important points in a project have been attained. Milestones are embedded within the project’s time frame and show the important path towards the ultimate output. It is the end of a certain stage that shows a work package or phase has been completed. It is often marked by a high profile review meeting, endorsing of some documents and a completion event. There are several aspects in the CIBS project that point to the way in which the management of the project milestones was conducted. The CIBS project was mainly subdivided into three phases: release 1 (R1), release 2 (R2) and release 3 (R3). R1 and R2 were fully implemented even though R2 was not fully functional. R1 had been scheduled to be completed in August 2000 but it took longer than this. The implementation date for R2 was also changed due to technical issues and phased roll out. Implementation of R3 was also delayed from March – September 2002. This was due to requests for chang e in closure of price negotiations. All these delays were due to inadequate project planning and specifications Another key milestone in the CIBS project was the testing of the solution. It ended up taking a longer time than was anticipated. This made the project to take longer than was planned. Testing also produced numerous errors. Correction of errors took longer than expected because changes were to be sent to the STS in the UK and the feedback was not immediate. The management ought to have known this in advance and use another system that would be in line with the project’s time frame. PMBOK Knowledge Areas Process Group Section Evident Not Evident Comments Initiating Develop Project Charter Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement X Not comprehensive Planning Develop Project Plan/Execution Plan X Reported to be included in 101 page report Scope Planning X Evident though not comprehensive Scope Definition X Unclear Activity Definition X Project was consumer oriented Activity Sequencing X R1, R2, R3 and testing of solution Activity Duration Estimating X 2 years though aims not achieved Schedule Development X Not comprehensive leading to delays Cost Estimating X Changed (increased) Cost Budgeting X Was increased Quality Planning X Incompetent project team Human Resource Planning X Inadequate due to selection of inadequate project team Communication planning X Poor communication between customer services project team Risk Management Planning X Many changes delays leading to project termination Risk Identification X Ineffective at all levels Qualitative/ Quantitative Analysis X Not adequate due to many changes that occurred Risk Response planning X Ineffective at corporate project levels Purchases and Acquisitions planning X Shown by differences in original and final budget Contracting planning X Evaluation selection without relevant documentation Executing Direct a nd Manage Project Plan/Execution Plan Execution X Sub-projects unveiled: R1, R2 R3 Quality Assurance X Presence of review reports Project Team development X Not skilled in the first place Information Distribution X Very poor Solicitation X Not evident Source Selection X Not clear Contract Administration X ineffective Controlling Integrated Change Control X lacking Scope Verification X Not evident Scope Change Control X lacking Cost Control X Lacking due to budgetary variations Quality Control X Not evident Performance Reporting X Evident Risk monitoring Control X Not done Closing Administrative Closure X inadequate Contract Closeout X At termination Reference Gregory, P.H., 2009. CISA Certified Information Systems Auditor All-in-One Exam Guide. NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. This essay on Project Management: Sydney Water Company was written and submitted by user Delaney U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Leonardo Fibonacci essays

Leonardo Fibonacci essays Leonardo Fibonacci was born in Pisa, Italy around 1175 to Guilielmo Bonacci. Leonardos father was the secretary of the Republic of Pisa and directed the Pisan trading colony. His father intended on Leonardo becoming a merchant. His father enlisted him in the Pisan Republic, sending him to various countries. As Leonardo continued to travel with his father, he acquired mathematical skills while in Bugia. Fibonacci continued to study throughout his travels, which ended around the year 1200. Leonardo began writing books on number theory, practical problems of business mathematics, surveying, advanced problems in algebra and recreational mathematics. Leonardos recreational problems became known as story problems and became mental challenges in the 13th century. Of all the books he wrote we still have copies of Liber abbaci (1202), Practica geometriae (1220), Flos (1225), and Liber Quadratorum. Sadly his books on commercial arithmetic Di minor guisa is lost as well as his commentary on Book X Euclids Elements. One of Leonardos contributions to mathematics was his introducing the Decimal Number system into Europe. He was one of the first people to introduce the Hindus of those problems are, A spider climbs so many feet up a wall each day and slips back a fixed number each night, how many days does it take him to climb the wall. These problems became quite popular. Another accomplishment was his forming the Fibonacci Series. It is a series of number in which each member is the sum of the two preceding numbers. For example, a series beginning 0, 1 ... continues as 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so forth. The exact period of this discovery is not known. Leonardo was a bright man, but left mu ...

King Surname Meaning and Origin

King Surname Meaning and Origin King generally comes from the Old English cyning, originally meaning tribal leader. This nickname was commonly bestowed on a man who carried himself like royalty, or who played the part of the king in a medieval pageant. Occasionally, the King surname was used by a man who served in a royal household. King is the 35th most popular surname in the United States and the 36th most common surname in England. Surname Origin: English Alternate Surname Spellings: KINGE Famous People with the KING Surname: Dr. Martin Luther King - American civil rights leaderStephen King - popular American author, best known for his horror booksB.B. King - American blues guitar legend Genealogy Resources for the Surname KING: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? King Genealogy of Colonial VirginiaA Web site dedicated to using DNA to prove/disprove that the parents of Thomas King (1714-1798) of Louisa County, Va. were William Alfred King (1685-1779) and Sophia Burgess of Stafford County, Va. King Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the King surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own King query. FamilySearch - KING GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the King surname and its variations. KING Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the King surname. Cousin Connect - KING Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname King, and sign up for free notification when new King queries are added. DistantCousin.com - KING Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name King. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Darwinism vs creationism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Darwinism vs creationism - Research Paper Example Darwinism focuses primarily on science and is explained through scientific methodology (Witham, 2002). Additionally, biological evolution focuses intently on changes existent in living organisms during their life span. The biological theory explains comprehensively that living organisms share common ancestry and in the fullness of time, evolutionary alterations result in the development of new species. On the other hand, the creationism theory focuses primarily on the notions of creation science. The theory derives from the conviction of a vast majority of Abrahemic religions, which poise that God created the universe, which includes humans and all living organisms all at the same time in the fairly the recent past. This paper will contrast Darwinism and creationism, appreciating both theories’ most prominent assumptions as they relate to the origin of life. Creationists argue that all living beings started out as diverse and individual organisms when God created them. Creatio nism also does not hold the opinion that organisms alter into complete distinct and different animals via evolution. For instance, creationists do not accept as true the idea that single-celled organisms evolved into extremely complex plants and animals, with man eventually evolving into Homo sapiens. Notably, while creationism is not necessarily a scientific theory, creationists continually make use of scientific evidence in order to support their basic argument that it is impossible to prove Darwinism scientifically since Darwinism goes contrary to creationism (Witham, 2002). In addition to condemning evolution, creationists also seek scientific evidence of their own in order to buttress the creation description in Genesis. However, this is highly problematic since it means that creationists cross the bounds between science and religion by attempting to entangle the two origins. This is an extremely ineffective pairing since religion has no proof-giving capacity but science does. Scientists are presently doing the same. Initially, scientists remained in their own realm regarding the origin of life. However, even after arguing that the evolution theory can be proven, scientists are still going contrary to the Bible in order to affirm that the Bible provides a false account. This means that scientists who abide by the Darwinism theory are also crossing the bounds to argue against creationism. Creation science, which affirms the belief that God created the universe, as well as creatures found in it, is essentially not a science since creation by God or other divine beings do not provide concrete scientific rationalizations regarding the origin of life (Witham, 2002). Instead, the creationism theory is an explanation consistent with religious beliefs that an intelligent creator (God) exists and created the entire universe. Creationists attempt to assert this concept, as well as other Biblical stories, by appraising them on scientific grounds. For example, geolog ists attempted to explain all the universe’s geological features with regard to Noah’s flood. To date, no other book apart from the Bible has had more momentous effects on the Western world than the Origins of Species by Charles Darwin. Darwin is renowned for his theories of natural selection and evolution that are presently known as Darwinism. At the moment, evolution is referred to as the alteration of simple forms of life to higher ones as theorized by Darwin (Morris, 1974). Darwin utilized the term evolution for the first time

Human Resources Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Human Resources Management Master - Essay Example HRM itself is the new avatar of 'Personnel Management'. Personnel management was largely concerned with the technical aspects of hiring, evaluating, training, and compensating employees. HRM on the other hand leaves scope for career building of the employee, development of a professional relationship and the satisfaction aspect. as per the latest trend, the 'individual' acquires a central place in the HR policies being devised by the management. HRM mainly intends to bring optimum out of the individual so that the company gets maximum output and in turn the individual too gets his due share of profit. This further inspires the individual as well as the team to perform par excellence. Human Resource Management is a very crucial and an integral part of any organization. The very fact that now people are being considered as resource instead of liability marks the importance of human beings constituting this resource. Human Resource environment as such is affected mainly by the following five factors; ii. i. Economic: The economic environment of host country, inflation rates, growth factors and the levels of unemployment affect the HR policies. ii. Demographic: The demographic composition of the workforce like the communities involved, the caste consideration (this becomes a reasonable factor in case of some of the developing economies), the male-female composition, the population density of the country/ region also helps in devising effective HR strategies. iii. Socio-cultural: Religion and culture never tell a person to 'not to work', yet people of some socio-cultural background are found to be less workaholic than others. The effect of family systems like 'Joint family system' or 'Nuclear family system' become crucial factors in forming the habits of individuals and thus formulating of HR policies. Employees sometimes prefer flexibility in their work schedule depending upon the local festive season, local climatic conditions etc. iv. Technological: Rapid technological advancements have reduced the dependence on muscle power to a certain extent. Modernization and automation lead to increased accuracy and less redundancy in the output while increasing the comfort level of the workforce. v. Politico Legal: Prevailing political situation in the country, the party in power, the ideology of government functionaries affect the business environment. Whether it's a democracy, autocracy, monarchy, one party system, or a multi-party system gives enough room for strategy planners to devise HR policies accordingly. The law of the land has always to be kept in mind while doing the recruitments or managing the human resources. For example in some countries, formation of 'workers union' is not allowed while in some others it's mandatory. All these efforts are to be kept in mind while devising strategies/ policies for HRM, with the prime objective of HRM being 'developing congruence between individual goals and organizational objectives while striving for realizing higher standards of performance, satisfaction and quality of working life'. The HR manager is therefore directly responsible towards the retention and upkeep of 'human assets' in an

Historical Development of Continental Philosophy’s Existentialism Essay Example for Free

Historical Development of Continental Philosophy’s Existentialism Essay Absolute Idealism left distinct marks on many facets of Western culture. True, science was indifferent to it, and common sense was perhaps stupefied by it, but the greatest political movement of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries— Marxism—was to a significant degree an outgrowth of Absolute Idealism. (Bertrand Russell remarked someplace that Marx was nothing more than Hegel mixed with British economic theory. ) Nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature, theology, and even art felt an influence. The Romantic composers of the nineteenth century, for example, with their fondness for expanded form, vast orchestras, complex scores and soaring melodies, searched for the all-encompassing musical statement. In doing so, they mirrored the efforts of the metaphysicians; whose vast and imposing systems were sources of inspiration to many artists and composers. As we have said, much of what happened in philosophy after Hegel was in response to Hegel. This response took different forms in English-speaking countries and on the European continent—so different that philosophy in the twentieth century was split into two traditions or, as we might say nowadays, two â€Å"conversations. † So-called analytic philosophy and its offshoots became the predominant tradition of philosophy in England and eventually in the United States. The response to Hegelian idealism on the European continent was quite different however; and is known (at least in English-speaking countries) as Continental philosophy. Mean while, the United States developed its own brand of philosophy—called pragmatism—but ultimately analytic philosophy became firmly entrenched in the United States as well. Within Continental philosophy may be found various identifiable schools of philosophical thought: existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory. Two influential schools were existentialism and phenomenology, and we will begin this chapter with them. Both existentialism and phenomenology have their roots in the nineteenth century, and many of their themes can be traced back to Socrates and even to the pre- Socratics. Each school of thought has influenced the other to such an extent that two of the most famous and influential Continental philosophers of this century, Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 –1980), are important figures in both movements, although Heidegger is primarily a phenomenologist and Sartre primarily an existentialist. Some of the main themes of existentialism are traditional and academic philosophy is sterile and remote from the concerns of real life. Philosophy must focus on the individual in her or his confrontation with the world. The world is irrational (or, in any event, beyond total comprehending or accurate conceptualizing through philosophy). The world is absurd, in the sense that no ultimate explanation can be given for why it is the way it is. Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to communicate pervade human existence. Giving birth to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair as well as the individual confronts as the most important fact of human existence, the necessity to choose how he or she is to live within this absurd and irrational world. Now, many of these themes had already been introduced by those brooding thinkers of the nineteenth century, Arthur Schopenhauer (see previous chapter), Soren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche. All three had a strong distaste for the optimistic idealism of Hegel—and for metaphysical systems in general. Such philosophy, they thought, ignored the human predicament. For all three the universe, including its human inhabitants, is seldom rational, and philosophical systems that seek to make everything seem rational are just futile attempts to overcome pessimism and despair. This impressive-sounding word denotes the philosophy that grew out of the work of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). In brief, phenomenology interests itself in the essential structures found within the stream of conscious experience—the stream of phenomena—as these structures manifest themselves independently of the assumptions and presuppositions of science. Phenomenology, much more than existentialism, has been a product of philosophers rather than of artists and writers. But like existentialism, phenomenology has had enormous impact outside philosophical circles. It has been especially influential in theology, the social and political sciences, and psychology and psychoanalysis. Phenomenology is a movement of thinkers who have a variety of interests and points of view; phenomenology itself finds its antecedents in Kant and Hegel (though the movement regarded itself as anything but Hegelian). Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, argued that all objective knowledge is based on phenomena, the data received in sensory experience. In Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind, beings are treated as phenomena or objects for a consciousness. The world beyond experience, the â€Å"real† world assumed by natural science, is a world concerning which much is unknown and doubtful. But the world-in-experience, the world of pure phenomena, can be explored without the same limitations or uncertainties.

Ethnography Essay -- Reflexivity Anthropology Essays

Ethnography Works Cited Missing Reflexivity is a qualitative method of research that takes an ethnography one step further, displaying the personal thoughts and reflections of the anthropologist on his informants. Ethnographies generally take an outside or foreign perspective of a culture, like reading a text, and reflexivity introduces a new component of inside description. Here, the anthropologist may describe personal interactions and experiences with natives and use this inside information to make additional conclusions about the people being studied. The ethnographer may also reflect on his ethnic connections with his informants, or his acceptance into the society, explaining that it provides valuable, inside knowledge of the culture and ultimately leads to a greater understanding of the native people as a whole. The importance of reflexivity is illustrated in Dissolution and Reconstitution of Self: Implications for Anthropological Epistemology, by anthropologist Dorinne Kondo. Her reflections lead her to realize that she has lost, or has almost lost, her identity as an American anthropologist and now sees herself as a young woman of Japanese culture. "What occurred in the field was a kind of fragmenting of identity into Japanese and American elements, so that the different strands, instead of interweaving to form a coherent whole, strained and tugged against one another" (78). As she became so immersed in the culture, Kondo began to understand and adopt cultural aspects that are unique to the Japanese, a thus adopted a new identity. At first, she practiced Japanese behavior to be socially accepted and gain the respect of her host family, but she was so successful that community members began to regard her as a fello... ...and to view cultures differently in general. Some Anthropologists with postmodernist ideologies view cultures as "messy text", which is "the most complex and interesting form of experimentation with ethnographic writing now being produced" (Marcus, 187). The influence of Postmodernism also lead to the emergence of reflexivity. Various styles of reflexivity now exist, such as feminist, sociological, and anthropological. Reflexivity contributes to "messy text," because it identifies many cultural aspects ethnographers cannot explain nor understand and thus cannot be fitted, neatly into structure. Reflexivity is also influencing ethnographers to develop new approaches in studying culture. As we have reviewed in several ethnographies this semester, we see that personal reflections of the anthropologists is just as significant to fieldwork as the 'outsider' descriptions.

Assess Whether Religious Experience Demonstrates the Existence of God Essay

Religious experience can be dissected into different varieties. Alvin Plantinga argued that everyday experiences such as the sun rising should constitute as a religious experience as the sun rising is so inspirational and conjures up religious belief out of awe. Some would argue that miracles or extraordinary occurrences are proof of God’s existence. If one was to view a man turning water into wine one would see it as spectacular and possible cause religious belief. Both miracles and everyday occurrences are public experiences as they can be witnessed by anyone; however there are more private/personal religious experiences. Dreams and visions, such as St. Paul on the road to Damascus (where he heard the voice of Jesus), only apply to the person visualising them. These are also used as religious experiences if you heard the voice of Jesus it would obviously be considered a religious event. There is also the ongoing feeling that God is around you, he is guiding you through life, and this again is indescribable but rational justification for the theist as it connects to the idea of God’s omnipresence. Finally there are also mystical experience as William James explained them these are ineffable (cannot be put into words) transient (very intense experience but not necessarily a long experience, the effects however can last a lifetime) passive (cannot be controlled by the recipient) experiences that are simply indescribable. Rudolf Otto described mystical experiences as â€Å"numinous† this is the feeling of awe and wonder when confronted with the divinity that is God numinous experiences are one of terrifying and compelling mystery. Should religious experiences be the basis of God’s existence or are they simply anomalous events that are meaningless. David Hume and A.J. Ayer are well known empiricists. They would argue that unless something empirically verified it should not be deemed meaningful so if I was to see God that should be seen as meaningful as it is empirically verified. If I were to see a cat walking across a street I would think to myself that is a cat, no doubt would enter my mind I would simply establish that a cat was walking across a street. When one see’s/experiences God why the same sort of logic should not be applied is ridiculous. If I were to see God I would think that is God no questions asked. Visions of God and miracles are empirically verifiable religious experiences, Hume and Ayer cannot dismiss these as that would be contradictory to their well established beliefs, thus empirically verified religious experiences can be used a sufficient justification for God’s existence. The sceptics retort to this argument is how can we trust our empirical methods of justification. One could be hallucinating, the only reason St. Paul saw God was because he was deprived of water and had social pressures from the rising Christian religion. A.J. Ayer noted that a straight stick appears bent in water, if our senses can deceive us once they will deceive us again, we cannot trust empirical evidence therefore it cannot be used as justification for a religious experience and definitely cannot be used to justify God’s existence. Also what if the subject of supposed religious experience has taken some sort of mind altering drug surely then empirical evidence cannot be used to justify any sort of vision. Finally the sceptic would note that a religious experience is not an ordinary experience, one see’s trees everyday but experiencing God is quite different. As philosophers we must view these extraordinary experiences differently and be more analytical into the causes (such as looking at the recipient of the experience). In Brian Davies book â€Å"An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion† he highlights that to reject empirical evidence without any major reason to doubt is simply absurd. He says that if one is of sound mind, has good eyesight and is of reasonable intelligence unless then there isn’t really any reason to doubt yourself, we use empirical evidence to make everyday assertions therefore it should be no different when seeing â€Å"God†, He also highlights that if it is possible to hallucinate it is also possible to see correctly, although this sounds very basic it does reject the argument from illusion (used by most sceptics to doubt sense data). Sure we can see things that aren’t really there but most of the time we are not hallucinating. Brian Davies also uses the example of a man called Fred. He states that Fred is â€Å"as mad as a hatter and as drunk as a Lord† Fred also regularly hallucinates and because of this not many people listen to what he has to say. Despite Fred perpetual hallucinations it is not right to say that everything he says is wrong, sometimes he could be telling the truth. Davies concludes that â€Å"the fact that some people are prone to get things wrong is not a sufficient reason for others to suppose that they always get things wrong† â€Å"Behold the Lord our God has shown us his glory and greatness, and we have his voice†¦ we have this day seen God speak with man and man still live† This was taken from the Old Testament’s book of Deuteronomy. Religious experience is not a contemporary miracle but one of great age, we all believe in gravity yet this has only been apparent for 300 years, yet something that has been around for millenniums is still questioned. These sightings of God have been continuous since early Christianity and Judaism before that. This is not an argument about the verifiability of religious experience but simply highlights the possibility of experiencing God and also its importance in justifying the existence of God. This is the argument of John Baillie; he argued that religious experience is not just justification for God’s existence but the ultimate justification. Sceptics would reply how do you know it is God? How do you know you did not simply see and old man with a beard? Unless you have seen God before you do not know what he/she looks like. Some would argue that you need an agreed method of identifying God, if no such method has been agreed then you cannot truly say you have seen God. Also if God is transcendent of humans and surpasses them in every way then surely we cannot relate to him/her. We don’t even know if God is a physical entity to be seen. Brian Davies response to the sceptic’s argument is despite not having an identification method that is inconsequential, something may be the case even though it does not conform to the testing method, someone can still be intelligent despite getting a U in all their exams. A religious experience can still be justification for God’s existence despite not being satisfying any a priori testing method. John Hick presented the argument that our interpretations of events all differ. This dismisses the sceptics claim that there should be some sort of testing method about justifying religious experience. A person may claim to have seen God where as another might argue they have seen the devil, as both are basing this experience on a personal a priori perception of God/Devil it means that if these predetermined perceptions are different they are obviously going to disagree. William James argued that religious experience is extremely personal therefore it means different things to different people. Richard Swinburne and William Alston put forward the argument from credulity. Swinburne argued that if one has seen God one has sufficient justification to believe in God. Unless there is something manipulating this experience there is no reason to doubt a religious experience. Until your religious experience is disproven (through suspicion of evidence such as one was on drugs) then it can and should be used as justification for God’s existence. William Alston proclaimed a similar argument to Swinburne’s arguments from credulity. He said â€Å"people sometimes do perceive God and thereby acquire justified beliefs about God†. He too believed that religious experience can be used a justification for God’s existence. He said justification about God is â€Å"prima facie† this means one is justified in supposing unless there are strong enough reasons to the contrary. Both argued the religious experience should be innocent until proven guilty. A sceptic’s retort to Alston and Swinburne would be one should always doubt. Like mentioned earlier one could be subject to hallucination, we could be seeing God when he/she is not really there, you could be of total sound mind however you have a random hallucination due to water deprivation meaning you â€Å"see† God. How can we truly know that our subconscious is not malicious concocting mad religious visions? This is why the sceptic would always argue that we should always be doubtful they argue that religious experiences are not indubitable. Richard Swinburne not only proposed arguments from credulity but also arguments from testimony. Swinburne stated that unless you have sufficient reasons to doubt someone claim of religious experience you should consider it true, if a person states they have seen God you have and you have no reason not to believe them you should consider their experience as true. Brian Davies gives the example of a group of explorers who see a cat in the Amazon rainforest; they go home and tell their explorer buddies they saw a cat in the Amazon rainforest. If a second group of explorers go to the Amazon rainforest and do not see a cat, does that mean the first group were wrong? Of course not! Swinburne would argue you should believe the first group of explorers are there is no reason to doubt their word. The sceptic’s reply would be why trust the explorers? There could be social/professional pressures meaning they lied about seeing a cat because they thought it would be beneficial or because they felt pressurised by the group around them, also there could be irregularities with their testimony, maybe all cats in the world are extinct so seeing a cat is very unlikely, or what if one of the explorers said they saw a black cat and another thought they saw a ginger cat. Brain Davies responds to this by noting that people interpret things in different ways (an argument used by the sceptics), two people may see a red Ferrari one may argue that it is an ugly car where as the other could argue it is a beautiful piece of machinery, they have both seen a car yet have different views/interpretations of what they have seen. So two people may both have seen God however one may think it was God the other might think it was the Devil. Therefore to say there are problems with a testimony because of different interpretations is absurd because the fact is God was there. One can perceive God in as many ways as they want it does not matter the only thing that matters is God was there. Religious experience can be used for religious conversion and religious belief but not necessarily for the existence of God. If one believes they have seen God and as a result of this vision they believe in the existence of God that is fine, but that doesn’t necessarily mean God exists from a philosophical perspective. As the sceptic would regularly point out there are many other factors that may have influenced the subject who viewed God (such a water deprivation or drug consumption) however on an ordinary basis I feel that a vision of God or some kind of numinous experience is sufficient justification for the existence of God and religious belief. On an ordinary level religious experience can justify the existence of God but on a philosophical level it cannot, one cannot claim religious experience to be an objective truth in philosophy, but in ordinary life it is a personal matter and provides justification for God’s existence on a personal level. This is similar to what William James said in his work â€Å"Varieties of Religious Experience† he believed that religious experience was a very personal matter and is impossible to verbalise but can be used as self justification for God’s existence. He also stated that philosophy is useless in trying to prove a religion true but can show up obvious errors. One must also note that Swinburne, Alston and Davies arguments are not really proving the credibility of religious experience but simply defending it against sceptic’s attack. Personally I feel this is fine, why should the recipient of a religious experiences have to prove themselves, however I do feel some of Swinburne’s and Davies arguments to defend religious experience are not sufficient. To conclude I feel the sceptics are right in dismissing religious experience on a philosophical level, but as many previous philosophers have highlighted (such as G.E.Moore) scepticism cannot be applied to ordinary life.

Human and New Surgical Tools

Countless inventions have improved the quality of human life and made previously inconceivable notions possible. In some cases (such as the washing machine), they reduce the drudgery of day-to-day tasks. In others (such as the motion picture), they allow people to engage in new forms of artistic expression. Many inventions actually save human lives, such as new surgical tools and medical vaccines.With the science scientist invented the computer now everywhere we need and we are using computers, computers become a friendly in our nature that we can do anything from echnologies so I want to conclude that science is a boon not a bane if we use in a proper way. Science has invented marvellous machines and discovered energies that run these machines to take the drudgery out of man's work. By doing much of his work and doing it fast, machines have provided man with a lot of leisure. The rosy dream of an easy and luxurious life has come true for him. Distance has been conquered.Modern means of transport and communication have made the Modern means of transport and communication has made the world a global village. Men nd things and news and views can go around the globe today with lightening speed. Internet has brought people of the world together and brought about a revolution in the fields of information and communication. Man has already landed on the moon and man- made satellites have made voyages through the solar system. Our life has become healthier and longer. Modern hygiene, sanitation, medicine and surgery are conquering more and more physical and mental illness with each passing day.We now know and experience the Joys of good health and longevity. Through the inema, the radio, the tape recorder, the TV and the video, science has worked wonders in the fields of education and entertainment. Though we welcome these blessings of science, we have to consider the other side of the picture also. Man has not been able to face the problems created by the inventions of science and to stop the misuse or harmful consequences of scientific inventions. Factories have polluted the water and the atmosphere. They have caused noise pollution.Industrialization has led to slums in which human beings live a degraded life in the midst of filth and qualor. We have allowed science to master us instead of keeping it our servant. Medical inventions have, led to the pollution explosion and the consequent miseries. Again, science has put in our hands terrible weapons such as the nuclear bombs, the guided missiles and the means of chemicals and biological warfare. We are in danger of destroying ourselves with these monstrous means that ironically are our own creations. Rightly used science can bring heaven on earth. Wrongly used, it can turn this earth into hell.

ICYMI, in Case You Missed It

ICYMI, in Case You Missed It ICYMI, in Case You Missed It ICYMI, in Case You Missed It By Mark Nichol Apparently, I missed it: Ten years ago, the initialism ICYMI entered the social media lexicon by way of Twitter. Like BTW, IMO, IIRC, and others, it’s employed as an entrà ©e to a discussion; ICYMI signals to you that the writer is going to provide context by referring to something you may not have read or heard about before. But I wasn’t aware of the initialism itself until I recently stumbled across it in an online article. I’ve somehow managed to get by without using it and most other examples of online shorthand, including two of the earliest specimens of the form: LOL and ROTFL (and the latter’s more effusive variation, ROTFLMAO). That’s because I’m not a twit- er, not a Twitter user- and I don’t use LOL-speak in text or email messages. But many people do lean heavily on such usage, though some of these condensed expressions, like ICYMI, are less prevalent than others. That means IAS: It’s a shibboleth. ICYDK, a shibboleth (in its original sense) is a word whose pronunciation by someone marks that person as an insider or an outsider; by extension, one’s very use of the word identifies one’s place within or outside of a social group. BTW, the meaning has also loosened up to refer to any behavior or custom that may, intentionally or otherwise, serve this function. (IIRC, the use of this odd-looking, odd-sounding word, which refers to the part of a plant from which grain grows, stems from a biblical tale of how one Hebrew tribe distinguished members of another tribe by how members of the latter group pronounced it differently than the members of the first tribe.) Our culture is replete with shibboleths, from slang and jargon to modes of dress and other visual cues about one’s self-identification (and one’s desire to belong). Initialisms that serve as abbreviations for standard phrases are part of the game: If you use them, you assume that the recipients of your written communication know what they mean. Anyone who doesn’t is L7 and either doesn’t belong on your blog or had better step up their game if they want to hang with the cool kids. That’s the danger of using language that is obtusely insular: Do you really want to exclude readers who may need a little hand-holding? If you’re a publisher, whether of a quirky little blog or of a book publishing company of international scope, that’s a choice you make- a choice that will affect the future of your enterprise. So, when you write, or commission others to write for you, consciously make a choice about how inclusive or exclusive the writing style is. I readily admit that I had to look up ICYMI (â€Å"in case you missed it,† in case you missed it). And though I was already familiar with many such initialisms, it’s not the only one I was unacquainted with before I checked out an online glossary of terms of this type. So, in a hand-holding spirit, here are translations of the other initialisms I have used in this post: BTW: by the way ICYDK: in case you didn’t know IIRC: if I recall/remember correctly IMO: in my opinion (IMHO- â€Å"in my humble opinion†- is a variation) LOL: laugh out loud ROTFL(MAO): roll on the floor laughing (my ass off) L7, BTW, predates the Internet: It represents the thumb and forefinger of each hand extended at a 90-degree angle (as if to simulate a gun) and held fingertip to fingertip with one hand reversed to form a rough square. An L7 is, therefore, a square, or a conventional or uncool person. This post by a fellow DailyWritingTips.com contributor lists some of the many other Internet initialisms. (An initialism, FWIW, is an abbreviation that, unlike an acronym, is pronounced as a series of letters, not as a word.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"50 Latin Phrases You Should Know10 Functions of the Comma

An analysis of Mark Rothko's Essay Example For Students

An analysis of Mark Rothkos Essay There seems to be no shadowing and modeling is poor which makes it difficult to locate one individual light source. It also gives the figures a two dimensional appearance and makes them seem vacant and somber. The tonal range is wide but the use of cool colors (in particular grey and blues) has the effect of distancing the spectator from the scene. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on color rather than detail because the brushwork is crude. These factors lend the scene a cold and somewhat eerie feeling. Rotators repeated use of vertical lines (specifically the railings and pillars) segregates the figures from one another and more significantly, from the spectator. The overlapping of these objects gives the scene perspective, but long with the idea of segregation and a high picture plane, this only serves to further distance the spectator. The two left most pillars are arranged in such a way that they run parallel with the two right most pillars and with the wall at the back left of the scene. Furthermore the figures on the descending staircase and the figures around the ticket booth are along the same parallel plane, and are framed within the pillars. The effect is that the eye is drawn towards the booth along this line, Perhaps then it is no coincidence that the ticket booth also mess to be the location for the vanishing point. These factors would suggest that the implied spectator position is further back along the same line as the ticket booth and the figures on the descending stairs. Roth uses the methods have discussed to distance and segregate the spectator from the scene. Along With his brushwork, lighting and choice Of colors, this lends the painting an eerie atmosphere. As such, Subway Scene is a bleak and cold image that stresses a feeling Of alienation to the spectator.

The benefit of drag race Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The benefit of drag race - Research Paper Example Since the development of motorcycles and automobiles, the drag racing has existed as a form of motorsport. It has also being existed as street racing. The form of street racing is regarded as illegal. This is mainly due to the fact that Street racing can violate the rules and regulation of society. Bracket racing and heads-yup are the two forms of drag racing. This research paper will analyze and discuss about the benefits of drag racing. The exciting new sport named drag race has grown more popular among the new breed of racers. People who are fond of racing are most interested to travel fast rather than slow. There are certain basics of drag racing. Before the start of every drag racing, racers using advanced motorcycles and automobiles are permitted to execute burnout. The process of burnout improves the traction and heats the tires. It is vital before every race that tires are heated so that it can help to grip the surface for better control. It can also benefit to sets the rubber down. Christmas tree is a system that can help to start drag race automatically. This system consists of six light, one green, one blue, one red and three ambers. There are several racing organizations around the world that oversees the drag racing. Several organizations are located at South Africa, Australia, North America, Europe, Caribbean and New Zealand (Scott, 2010). The Australian National Drag racing Association, the National Ho t Rod Association, the New Zealand Hot Rod Association, etc. These are some organizations and there are many more around the world that helped to start drag racing events. Mickey Thompson was inventor of first slingshot. This is not a normal race. Each details of the race are effectively measured to be advanced from other competitors. Speed, reaction time and elapsed time of the car are measured by the experts to notify the period of time taken by cars to cross the finish line. Drag racing can benefit economically and technologically.

To what extent where the efforts made by the Le Chambon Village in Essay

To what extent where the efforts made by the Le Chambon Village in France (Protestant Church- Pastor Andre Trocme) succesful in - Essay Example Post World War II the Nazi leaders focused their attention on the permanent removal of the Jewish population from Germany as well as from the entire Europe. Initially the German authorities launched ‘ghettos’ where all the Polish, German, Austrian and Czech Jews were deported to these ‘ghettos’. ‘Ghettos’ were districts where the Jewish population was segregated from other communities and were forced to live in miserable conditions. Building ghettos was a temporary measure taken by the German authorities. But very soon long term methods of abolishing the Jewish pollution were adopted by Hitler. Initially German armed forces conducted a shooting operation on the Jews. Very soon gas vans comprising of poisonous carbon monoxide was introduced by the German police. In the year 1939 Hitler implemented ‘Final Solution’ to assassinate millions of Jews in Europe by the help of poison gas, shooting and other means, â€Å" the vision of the Final Solution- a program aimed at murdering every last Jew in the German grasp- had crystallized in the minds of the Nazi leadership and was henceforth being turned into reality.† (Browning, 424) During the Holocaust in Europe under Hitler’s regime, France offered some hope by resisting this barbaric act of Final Solution. France was ruled by the powerful Vichy government. The government adopted measures to protect the Jews from the Germans. Telephone workers who worked under the instruction of the Vichy authorities intercepted messages and the railway workers developed a resistant group against the German’s to protect the Jews from been killed. The people of the Le Chambon Village in France under the leadership of Pastor Andre Trocme along with the help of other powerful leaders and government and by following the ideology of the Protestant Movement were able to rescue the lives of many Jews. In the year 1939, France had the maximum number of Jewish population than any other state in the entire European continent. In the year 1940, the Jews were deported to the unoccupied zone of France that was ruled by the Vichy government under the supervision of the Nazi army. The Jews travelled to the Vichy France in a hope to get protection from the Germans. But the Jews had to face fierce discriminations in the Vichy France as were prevalent in Germany. After France faced defeat in the hands of German, the German authorities shifted their focus and attention on the matters related to the possibilities of defeat of Britain and Russia in War. The Jews, who were residing in the Vichy France, were temporarily relieved from the wrath of the Nazis. The prevention methods adopted by the Vichy France had no intention of murdering the Jews. In the Vichy France, discriminations of the Jews were highly prevalent especially in the employment sectors. People of pure French origin were only eligible for the public sector jobs. The Jews were forced to hand over t heir residence to the Vichy government. The Jews who were residing in France for longer period of time were expected to be assimilated in the French nation. In the Wannsee Conference that was held in Berlin to solve the Jewish question new strategies and decisions were taken about the Jews in a form of final solution. During the Holocaust in France, a small village called Le Chambon-sur-lignon in France protected the lives of nearly five thousand Jews by providing shelter to them. France

McDonalds-arch delux burger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonalds-arch delux burger - Essay Example After a detailed analysis, recommendations would be stated for this case. Ineffective Advertising Campaign McDonald’s hired an advertisement agency named Fallon McElligot for the advertisements of Arch Deluxe Burger. The amount ascertained for such advertisement campaign was $100 million. The advertisement showed that the children are getting confused as they could not understand what the Arch Deluxe Burger are all about, neither are they liking its look or taste, not any toys are given away with these burgers. It is known as rebel marketing. The motive was to show that the Arch Deluxe Burger was not for the children. Another advertisement of Arch Deluxe Burger showed that the executive chef of McDonalds is explaining the professionals in the elevator why the Arch Deluxe Burger is tasty and motivates them to eat (Kord â€Å"McDonalds Arch Deluxe Burger Commercial†). This advertisement was considered awful and was not liked by the people. The message that was delivered t hrough the advertisement was also another drawback which led to the downfall. The message said that â€Å"Burger with the Grown-up Taste.† It was tagged as sophisticated product not for kids. In one of the commercial it was seen that the children motivated her parents to go to McDonalds by just saying Arch Deluxe Burger. ... It was very odd that McDonalds were parents visit especially to accompany their children as it serves foods which is thoroughly liked by the children and the parents, is offering menus with is not for the children. The product Arch Deluxe Burger was for the adults as the taste of the product was considered more sophisticated. The advertisement campaign for the Arch Deluxe showed only adults loved to consume this burger, while the children hated it, as they did not like its taste. McDonalds spent heavily to reveal that its target customers were not children. In a family restaurant if a particular menu is restricted to only adults, then problems are bound to occur. This was the case for Arch Deluxe, and the customers discarded the product completely (Lubow â€Å"Steal This Burger†). Positioning Strategy Arch Deluxe Burger was a failure because of the way the product was positioned. The whole idea behind the positioning of Arch Deluxe burger was to show that it was a product not meant for children. It was revealed that no one went to McDonald to have sophisticated food or delicacies. People visited McDonalds for fun, convenience and to have delicious burger. The customers went to McDonalds because of their friendliness, tasty burger, cleanliness, and consistency. With this type of product positioning, McDonalds lost touch with its customers, and the children who are the major customers of the company also lost interest somehow in the burgers offered by the retailer. It was said that the product, Arch Deluxe burger was the result of a comprehensive research. This research revealed that people would like to have those burgers which are specifically designed for the adults or grownups. However, when the actually product was launched and

The Impact Of Debt On College Students Economics Essay

The Impact Of Debt On College Students Economics Essay Credit cards and debt, in general, is something that affects everyone on an almost daily basis. It is used in almost any context and has a variety of very important uses that affects life for everyone. One uses credit to buy big-ticket items such as cars or houses but the primary reason one uses credit would be that of convenience. Convenience and the ability to have a short-term load for better cash-flow are normally the reasons why people obtain credit cards. These benefits, when used correctly, can be extremely helpful for most users. However, the key focus in that statement is correct use. The problem with credit occurs when in the hands of the uneducated or inexperienced user. Most frequently, these users are college students. College students run into issues with credit typically in two areas. The primary issue they face is with credit cards, but the other, sometimes unexpected issue is with college tuition and student loans. Because of the many negatives of these issues, Credi t cards and debt, in general, are a significant problem that is currently affecting college students. Credit Cards are a negative influence on students and are a problem for a variety of reasons. One of the most basic problems, and one of the problems that leads into the others, is the issue of the often high unsecured credit lines. Credit card companies, while they usually start out limits at a low level, often increase the limits of teen credit cards rather quickly. According to Silver-Greenberg (2007), Credit card companies have modified their practices for college students, because theyre vulnerable and their parents will usually bail them out (p. 2). The reality is that these credit lines have absolutely nothing to do with a college students ability to pay back the loan and are in no way relational to income. By granting credit lines to college students that are so inflated, it seems like the credit card companies are almost asking for the lines to be abused by the students. The fact is, is that this can be seen very simply just by studying the student population at large. Resea rch by Joo, Grable, and Bagwell (2005) showed that the average balance carried by a college student was around 890 dollars (p. na). A figure this high as an average for college students is way too high. Considering that there are a sizeable amount of college students that are unemployed, it seems rather ridiculous that students would be allowed to charge this amount with no conceivable way of paying back on a routine basis. What makes this whole problem of high balances even worse is the fact that the credit card companies insist upon outrageously high interest rate for college-aged new users. They do this because companies know that college students are more of a risk than regular users. They also do this because they figure that most students will carry a balance and thus, with a higher rate, they have the opportunity to make more money off college students. In addition to just having higher rates for students in general, credit card companies also engage in a practice referred to as universal default. According to Silver-Greenberg (2007), Under universal default, a student who has two credit cards and faithfully makes timely payments on one, but misses a payment on the other, can find that the interest rate hes being charged has been raised to 30% on both cards.(p. 2) Basically, the idea is that if a user is late on one card or account, the user has been late on all of his cards that engage in this practice. This practice exacerbates all of the problems that already exist with credit cards by making it even harder to be good with ones finances. It makes it especially hard for college students, who are new to credit cards in general, because it establishes a very low tolerance for mistakes. In addition, those who least can afford these practices are the ones who have to worry about it. While this practice might be acceptable for adults with an established income and credit history, it hardly makes sense for those just starting out. These high interest rates can be a big problem because two-thirds of all college students have at least one credit card and 15 percent of students have 2 cards or more. (Lee, 2002, p. 10) No doubt those numbers are on the rise as well. Student loans affect the world of credit cards as well. The average graduate from the class of 2007 owes $20,000 in college loans andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for 50% of those surveyed their student loan and credit card debt was higher than their current annual salaries (National Poll, 2007, p. n/a) What this proves is that credit is a major burden for those in and out of college. It does not help that credit cards are being used to pay tuition either. Norvilitis (2002) estimates that 20 percent of students have charged tuition and expects that number to rise (p. na). If one does not qualify for a student loan and does not have cash, then a credit card might be the only way they can pay for college. With that in mind, it makes it easier to understand some credit card debt. However, in ad dition to the problems with the usage of credit cards, there are also some problems with the marketing of credit cards in my opinion. Specifically, I believe that the marketing of credit cards on college campuses goes over the line. I believe that getting a credit card should be a personal decision, not just a decision made because you see a booth signing people up at a student center. Giving away free shirts or mugs or food to get someone to sign up for a credit card is just wrong. Finally, Norvilitis (2002) suggested that students who receive cards from tables in a student union have larger debt to income ratios than students whose cards are from another source. (p. n/a) I believe this furthers the reasoning that credit cards should not be advertised on campus. I also believe that credit cards obtained from an on-campus advertiser are not taken as seriously as credit cards obtained in a normal manner. Credit cards have lot of negatives to them and they can cause a great deal of long-term harm. The reason credit cards during the teenage years have such an ability to cause long-term ham is because of the fact that the majority of students and/or teenagers have a relatively short credit history. Realistically, most college students understand that missing payments will probably not be the greatest for their credit, but they have no idea how seriously it affects them. Lee (2002) reports that over 75% of students have never seen their credit report before and that most students are unlikely to ever see their report during their college years (p. NA). This fact makes the effects of credit cards that much more dramatic. When college students are learning how to use their cards and when they make bad decisions regarding payments and carrying large balances, they really have no idea to what extent they are affecting their credit. Considering the fact that most will never see their report u ntil after college, it comes as no surprise that some college students can and will come out of school and not be able to qualify for a simple car loan. What college students do not realize is that simple mistakes in college with credit can significantly impact their future in more ways than one. Martin (2007) states that many employers check credit reports and turn down applicants who have poor credit ratings (p. na). Odds are that most students applying for jobs do not even consider their credit when wondering if they will get the job or not. Another factor that affects a students credit rating is their student loans. While it is not likely that they will miss payments on those loans, the fact is, the large outstanding balances that most carry on these loans counts against them when applying for credit to purchase a home or car. For many, this is a legitimate concern as, according to a National Poll (2007), that among respondents over age 35, 62% are still paying off student loans (p. NA). What this indicates is that credit, whether credit cards or student loans, has a significant effect on ones future. There are a variety of causes for why the use of credit with college students get out of hand and hard to manage. It is particularly hard to make a generalization as to why the majority of college students cannot manage their credit. However, there are many reasons that, in combination with each other, play a role in this problem. One main issue that causes a lot of problems is a lack of education. The majority of college students open credit card accounts without paying a whole lot of attention to what they are getting themselves into. According to Norvilitis (2002), 71% of students had no idea what interest rate they were paying on their particular credit cards. This proves the fact that college students have learned how to use their credit cards but do not understand how their credit cards really work. Most believe that there really is not a whole lot one needs to know about credit cards and the credit card companies must agree because they do not make it easy for any user to real ly learn. In fact, Norvilitis (2002) says that 59% of teens say that explanatory information from credit cards is not helpful or unreadable (p. NA). As a result, the majority of users do not learn about credit. Some do, however, but it is a small number. Personal finance classes are usually offered in high schools to teach just this sort of thing, but unfortunately there is a lack of interest. To illustrate this point, Norvilitis (2002) states that 62% of students had the opportunity to take a personal finances class, only a third actually take it. This should really come as no surprise as the majority of people assume finances should be common sense. This reasoning is what causes problems for the majority of credit card users. The other factor that comes into play regarding credit is family behavior. Generally, as with other behaviors, teens learn from their parents and look to them for guidance. This situation is no different as teens try to emulate their parents in this regard. A ccording to Palmer (2007), 84 percent of teens opened an account at their parents banks (p. na). Parents need to realize that everything that they do financially, whether or not they believe it will be noticed, affects how their teens will use credit. Joo et  al. (2005) found that students whose parents used credit cards often were a lot more likely to show positive attitudes toward credit card use; whereas, students whose parents had problems with credit card use were more likely to have negative attitudes toward using credit cards (p. na).While some parents use credit cards responsibly, some do not. Those that do not are the ones to worry about. If left uneducated, students of these parents will most likely experience issues due to their haphazard use of credit cards. Credit cards will always be misused. There are so many users it would be irresponsible to think otherwise. Furthermore, it can be counted on because there will always be ignorant people who do not pay attention to rules or consequences. However, work can be done to prevent as much misuse as possible. As it stands now, credit cards, and debt in general, are ruining some college students futures. With the lack of regulation when it comes to credit cards for students, it is no surprise. According to Palmer (2007), a survey of graduate students showed that over 50 percent would have liked to have learned more about managing their finances in college. However, without an incentive from somewhere or someone, it is likely that the availability of education in this matter will continue to be hard to come by. Likewise, credit card companies will have to have an incentive to change their practices as well. Hopefully, that day will soon come.